Bakteriengenom in Ötzis Magen gefunden
Die bisherigen Erkenntnisse über die Völkerwanderung und Besiedlungsgeschichte des europäischen Kontinents stehen neuen Forschungsansätzen gegenüber, welche zur Migrationswelle, dem Europa vor über 5000 Jahren ausgesetzt war, neue wissenschaftliche Aspekte liefern könnten. Ergebnisse in dieser Richtung lieferte ein internationales Forscherteam unter Mitwirkung von Forschern des Max-Planck-Instituts aus dem Bereich der Menschheitsgeschichte. Die Forscher hatten hierzu bereits vor drei Jahren begonnen den Magen der Gletschermumie Ötzi zu untersuchen. In der Folge extrahierten die Forscher genetisches Material und reicherten diese für die DNA von Helicobacter pylori an. Das sogenannte Stäbchenbakterium das den menschlichen Magen besiedeln kann, stellt die Hauptursache des Magen- und Zwölffingerdarmgeschwürs und Magenkarzinoms dar. Die Menge des isolierten Erbmaterials reichte aus, um das Genom der alten H. Pylori– Bakterien zu rekonstruieren und zu entschlüsseln. Untersuchungen des Bakteriengenoms wiesen Merkmale einer hohen und bei heutigen Patienten zu Magenschleimhautentzündung führenden Virulenz auf. Aufgrund der Tatsache, dass sich das Bakterium meist von Generation zu Generation überträgt, könnte der Erreger eine neue Forschungsgrundlage zu spezifischen Wanderungsbewegungen bieten. Der Vergleich des historischen Helicobacter-Stammes mit heutigen Formen aus Europa und Asien widerspricht den bisherigen Annahmen über den europäischen Stamm der Gletschermumie. Demnach sei die Verwandtschaft nach verschiedensten Analysen zu urteilen, den Stämmen in Asien am größten, so Alexander Herbig vom MPI für Menschheitsgeschichte, der zu den Hauptautoren gehört. Aus dieser Lage gehe jedoch keine klare Sicherheit darüber hervor, ob Ötzi unter Gastritis oder Magengeschwüre gelitten hatte. Das stehe in Zusammenhang damit, dass sich die Krankheit zuerst in der Magenschleimhaut manifestiere, welche aber nicht mehr existiere, schilderte der Mikrobiologe Albert Zink.
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